Ice Cream Essay Example for Free

Ice Cream EssayAccording to market research conducted in 1996, 80% of Filipino consumers bought on appetite (they bought only upon passing an trumpery cream shop or scooping station, but without an intention to buy first) 98% ate grouch cream was an afternoon snack. Furthermore, studies showed that per capita inhalation of codswallop cream was less than a forth of a gallon per person per year. In 1992, it stood at 0. 23 gallons per person and declined to 0. 20 in 1993. On average, domestic ice cream market was 13. 8 million gallons from 1991-1993, worth estimated p 2. 5-3 billion per annum.Bulk ice cream comprised 86% of the industry gross sales while the rest was accounted for by snappy novelties. Main competitors in this include San Miguel masss (SMC) Magnolia and RFMs Selecta. Magnolia Other trailing competitors are Universal Robina Corporations (URC) Presto, Arce Dairy Ice Cream, and Pure foods Coney Island, as well as foreign brands like Baskin-Robbins ,Dreyers and Haagen-Dazs. Magnolia The pioneer ice cream brand in terms of flavour, quality control, var., technology and distribution produced by the merger of SMC and Nestle.It introduced the Flavor of the Month series that provided a huge variety of ice cream flavours to the consumer, with projected volumes of FoM ice cream sold reaching over 28 million gallons. It pioneered the introduction of tropical fruit flavours. It was the first to deliver the goods International Standards Organization quality standards, and is the only Filipino ice cream brand that has expanded overseas. Magnolia is poised as the main competitor, as it aims to be at the forefront of the dairy industry.With increasing competition, MNC intends to make its products available in neighborhood stores and major outlets introduce a feedback mechanism that will help the corporation superintend the market and employ new approaches to selling. Currently, magnolia is the preferred choice of many five star hotels, fine dining restaurants, sports and country clubs and food chains. Presto this brand claims nourish for money, as part of the corporate philosophy of the Gokongweis, owners of JG summit corp. hich URC is part of, which is to make available value-for-money items for all its consumer-branded products, and as such has positioned its prices lower than Magnolia Selecta. Presto excels in the frozen novelties market, as was demonstrated in their introduction of Tivoli bars, the first ice cream bar in the Philippines, a phenomenal success that had competitors challenge it with their own versions of ice cream bars. Presto currently holding the number three position, is determined to further widen its market share and catch up with the giants.Thus, the company is eyeing the disaster of plant capacity expansion and wider distribution network. It is also determined to enhance its advertising campaigns and be very active in the communication field. Arce Dairy This ice cream brand was started in Janua ry 1995 and immediately got hold of a 5% market share. Its trademark was the use of carabao milk as base, comfortably within the 5-16% robust content requirement to be called ice cream because carabao milk contains considerably more fat than cow milk (9. 65% as opposed to 4. 16%).Only the expensive ice cream (super deluxe and super special) of Arce contain carabao milk, and are priced at higher than the rates of the competition, showing that Arces main authorization is its appeal to the AB market where its products cost P3-5 more than its competitors products, and as its regular ice cream products are priced lower than its competitors by P3-5 which indicates its attempt to appeal to the CD markets tendency to want every peso to count. Coney Island 1976 saw the entry of Coney Island in the local ice cream market.It introduced a new standard of creaminess thanks to its products high milk fat content, setting a standard for flavour richness back then. Purefoods acquired it in 1991 a nd increase its production capacity without having neglected the improvement of its quality. In line with Pure Foods rule of following the highest international standards, Coney Island tried to action the zero-vegetable fat and at least 10 percent milk fat standard of US ice cream. It used high quality ingredients like Callebaut burnt umber from Belgium for its top-of-the-line products such as the Premium Bar, Pure and Simple and Bugs Bunny Bar.It repositioned itself in the market in 1995 to improve local competitiveness. It marketed its products as Not Just ordinary bicycle Ice Cream, supported by new flavours and packaging. Coney Island revised its product classification, and began categorizing its bulk ice cream as simply creamy, fruit and nuts, and cakes and pastries instead of the traditional premium and super premium. This move was inspired by a study that showed that consumers buy ice cream on the basis of flavour concepts. contrasted Brands Foreign include Haagen-Dazs, Dreyers Grand Ice Cream and Baskin-Robbins. Dreyers was the first to penetrate the local market.

The Need For Natural Resource Preservation Environmental Sciences Essay

The Need For ingrained Re witness Preservation Environmental Sciences EssayIntroductionNatural resources are those things that exist raw(a)ly within the environment and subsist relatively undisturbed in a normal and natural form. The world is blessed with several(a) natural resources wealth that has helped mankind meet their daily needs for food, shelter, clothing, medicine and other important chemical elements that are vital for making officeful products. stimulate the life standards of charitable beings depend wholly on the wise use of the available natural resources (Phil, 2010). The primary natural resources include air, sun, forests, land, water, minerals, wildlife, and fisheries. Natural resources protection or preservation involves employing and adopting environmental protection techniques that willing prohibit further destruction or unwise use of our natural resources. Studies indicate that, despite the vast meaning of protecting and conserving natural resources, thit her are also far-reaching demerits in relation to the same. This paper is going to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of conserving natural resources.AdvantagesFor the world to sustain future generations, the human community at large should embrace conservation of natural resources both re rawable and non-renewable. Recent studies have estimated that many of the natural resource exploited by slew has decreased to less than 25%, particularly oil and coal (Phil, 2010). This in that respectfore, implies that the world cannot even support the present human population indefinitely. It should be say that coal and oil (non-renewable resources) are one of the primary sources of energy, and without limiting and regulating exploitation of these vital natural resources then it means that, the coming generation will be deprived for these resources. In addition, in order to avoid future starvations, deaths, and conflicts over the s elevator carce natural resources we need to wisely use the available resources (Phil, 2010). valet physical and industrial activities have played a big role in depleting the beauty of our environment. For instance, the agricultural activities in Egypt and Asia burning of agricultural wastes like strain straws and garbage has led to the formation of black cloud. This is where soot, dust particles, and other lethal elements are deposited into the atmosphere polluting the air natural resource. These particles interfere with the normal environmental picture and contributing to global warming effects. Elements like nitrous oxides, methane and carbon monoxide readily combine with vapor in the atmosphere to form acidic rains. Acidic rains are responsible for corroding and destructing manmade structures, destroying plants and animals. Through good environment conservation practices, the environment will remain pure and a good habitat for either organisms (Phil, 2010).Everything that we crap a way in the form of waste has diverse impact on d egrading and destroying our natural resources. For instance, landfills have taken up valuable blank space and have contributed to both ground water pollution and air pollution by releasing significant amount of air pollutants like methane, and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere (Recharge Colorado, 2010). Natural resources conservation through trim back, reusing and recycling helps in decreasing household waste thus reducing landfills. In essence reducing involves manufacturing, designing, purchasing or using materials like products and packaging materials in manner that decreases the overall toxic levels of trash. On the other hand, reusing entails avoiding disposal of an item by reusing it in a similar way or devising a new way to use it (Recharge Colorado, 2010).Recycling is another key factor in natural resources conservation, for example, items that could have been used by consumers and discarded form the raw material for manufacturing other items. Recyclable items can be recollected and redeveloped into new products that are of equal brilliance (Jay, et al. 2010). This reduces pressure on exploitation of natural resources thus protecting them. Nevertheless, recycling saves energy defends natural resources like timber, water and mineral salts thereby inhibiting and preventing environmental pollution. Consequently, it provides room to preserve resources for future generations. The commonly recycled materials are papers, yard Trimmings e.g. grass, leaves, and shrubs which are recycled through compositing, Glass, bottles and jars, Aluminum mostly beverage containers, and plastics like soda bottles, draw jugs, plastic bags and detergent containers (Jay. et al. 2010).Energy is what set abouts the world economy, without energy the world will be a very different place. Electrical energy has greatly modify various sectors such as education, manufacturing, farming, lighting and agriculture. Conserving this primary and original natural resource will provide diverse innovations and development in the world as a whole. The lighting element of energy is widely used allover the world, therefore, conserving this natural resource is of great importance. This can be done through use of compact fluorescent lamps/bulbs (CFL), which has been found to be the more appropriate way of conserving electricity as opposed to using ordinary incandescent bulbs. According to a study done in relation to this issue, it was established that, household electricity consumption in the US accounted for 9% in 2001(Keefe, 2007). Also it was established that for a given light output fluorescent tubes/bulbs use approximately 20 to 33 percent of the power consumed by incandescent lamps/ordinary bulbs (Keefe, 2007). When incandescent lamps were replaced by the fluorescent tubes the total household electricity consumption decreased form 9% to 7% (Keefe, 2007).DisadvantagesRaw materials, food and technology all come or so as a result of exploitation of natural r esources. Food industries and factories rely on the agricultural produce as their basic raw materials. For these raw materials to be available, forests and grasslands must be established to pave way for agricultural activities to take place. Energy, for instance, used in these industries must also be available for industries and factories to completely retrace relevant products that help satisfying basic human needs (Phil, 2010). Fossil energy like coal and petroleum must be extensively utilized to provide the required energy. Without exploitation of these natural resources the economic development we all want will not be achieved. Exploitation of these natural resources is the sole drive for economical growth in all economies.The learning process since time immemorial has fundamentally relied on paper. The primary source of paper is trees or forests. Without acute these trees and processing them into paper, education sector will suffer greatly, so will other sectors that depend on paper. As Phil (2010) adds, management in almost all kinds of institutions and record keeping which are very crucial entities in smooth running of any institution rely on paper. Exploitation of these natural resources has resulted into usage opportunities, where many individuals earn their livelihood from. If exploitation of these resource is stopped, many people jobless hence jeopardizing their daily well being.Though natural resources are scary, people still have to continue exploiting them to survive, what can be done is creating new innovative ways to exploit these resources. In deed, many US based car manufacturing companies have been forced to be more innovative to meet the needs of their customers. Instead of relying solely on cars that use petroleum as the only source of combustion energy in their combustion engines, they have devised new electrical cars that use electrical energy in their electrical engines. In relation to this, it is clear that, natural resources shou ld be exploited to the maximum in order for persons to be innovative with regard to the prevailing situation.In the US, Americans have turned trash or waste into a new source of opportunity. For instance the Reduce, Reuse and Recycle agencies have come up with a single most idea to conserve the environment. But lets view it from this perspective, if it were not for destroying and destructing the environment by throwing waste and trash, and creating more landfills, the Reduce, Reuse and Recycle program could have not been there at all. These programs have both economic and environmental benefits in the US (Recharge Colorado, 2010). It has compeld more employment opportunities for the US citizens.In view of these arguments, it can be declared that though natural resource should be conserved for sustainable development, their exploitation should continue. In deed people have the ability to come up with new and better ways of using these natural resources when they understand that they are scarce.ConclusionIn conclusion, conservation of natural resources is something that should be undertaken with serious consideration. In order to create a favorable environment for future economic growth in the world, we should develop strategies that promote more conservation than exploitation. On a wider view of this matter, there should be in place programs that regulate human population growth to ease pressure on the few remaining natural resources. Sustainable strait-laced use of the existing natural resource should be encouraged by all governments to give room for both economical growth and environmental conservation (Phil, 2010).

The Introduction To Cyber Bullying Media Essay

The Introduction To Cyber Bullying Media EssayYoung muckle today ar using the meshwork more than ever. They view the net profit and even more so the mobile ph unitys as positive aspects of our indian lodge. The internet and mobile phones systems are the two biggest systems of communication which puzzle out a crucial role in our daily activities and development of identities. On the other hand, these same technologies are also often used negatively. M whatsoever children are the targets of intimidate via the internet or mobile phones resulting in total confusion on the part of the target. Very often, children are non able to say that what they are going through is a form of bullying. As a result the previously safe environment of the internet is now becoming a blood line of confusion and anxiety.As a striplingager myself, I am non immune to factors that influence e rattlingbody else in our society. I am very concerned more or less what is happening so I therefore wante d to look into the reasons behind cyber-bullying and who should be blamed for it. Is there any way for cyber-bullying to be resolutionped?The internet holds many dangers much(prenominal) as viruses and programming faults that could be dangerous for people solely also two of the most menacing capers for young people today child pornography and cyber-bullying. I decided to focus on the issue that tends to influence a large portion of teenagers and not solely, cyber-bullying. It seems that, now, in 2010 cyber-bullying is increasing dramatically as more and more children are becoming victims of this type of bullying, though not but children. I will research this problem in token as it is saddening me that a system that makes information flow and communication easy, is turning into a dangerous place to be. I croupet understand why such a useful system is used in so negative a way where one can cause psychological harm to others.Although cyberbullying does not pertain to the USA al one, I chose to focus on the USA is because it seems to bind more documented incidents which apparently make it one of the countries with a higher constituent of cyber-bullies and victims of cyber-bullying. In fact, there has been a number of shocking incidents that caught my attention, some of which I will report in the main body. There are many countries that do deal with cyber-bullying but not to the point that the USA does. I strongly ge postulate that if cyber-bullying reaches an end one day it will certainly start from the U.S.A. I deem that the USA covers all aspects that I am looking into so this is the reason why I chose it.In recent years many US states beget started to impose legalitys itemally regarding cyber-bullying. Some other states support that law of natures imposed for handed-down bullying also cover cyber-bullying. The internet provides anonymity and the chance to raise a profile with a hole-and-corner(a) identity so how possible is it for cyber-bullyi ng to be stopped? The truth is that this question cannot be answered easily as it is not something so simple. Being already concerned about it and seeing that more and more cyber-bullies are getting away with it, I will attempt to canvas how possible can this be. The research question which I will develop is the spare-time activity Can cyber-bullying and bullying through the internet and mobile phone systems stop?In this essay, I will look into cyber-bullying by defining what it is, report incidents and ride statistics of how bad the situation in the U.S.A. is. I will also poke into if blame can be attributed. Through my research I hope to reach a conclusion on whether there is a chance for cyber-bullying to be stopped.What is Cyber-BullyingCyber-bullying has more than one definition, cyber-bullying can be be as when the Internet, cell phones or other devices are used to send or post text edition or images intended to hurt or embarrass another(prenominal)(prenominal) person1o r as a situation when a child or teen is repeatedly tormented, threatened, steamed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child or teenager using text messaging, e-mail, instant messaging or any other type of digital technology.2The pop off definition I gave refers only to teens or children because bullying through the internet or cell-phones from adults to adults can be referred to as cyber-stalking which due to word limitation I will not go into.A cyber-bullying situation can be as simple as direct e-mails to someone that wants no further contact with you but it can also be very serious when it includes threats or sexual bullying or when a forum is created and that person is ridicu take. Cyber-bullies may post personal data of their victims at websites or forums or even pretend to be someone else in evidence to publish different material to the victims name that diminishes or humiliates him. The biggest percentage of the bullies use pretty much the same tact ic as they send threatening messages to their victim or call them mean names.Who is a Cyber-BullyA cyber-bully is generally more of a product of his environment in which he too is abused in many ways, verbally or physically or he might even be cyber-bullied. Perhaps however, they are simple bored or only rotten to make everyone elses life messy. Many times cyber-bullies work in aggroups because in that way they feel stronger but they inwardly, sometimes, do not enjoy their actions. Their main problem is that they cannot move away from their team because they feel unsafe and they digest the fear that they will get cyber-bullied themselves. As it is identified by researchers, tormentors are sometimes comparablely to be more depressed than their victims. What should be worrying us is that cyber-bullies get a false feeling of satisfaction when they send threatening and incinerate e-mails to their victims because that means that they amuse themselves. The number one objective of cyb er-bullies but also traditional bullies is to have power. They want to have the control of each situation. They want to be dominators and subjugate everyone.Effects of Cyber-BullyingIn my mind, cyber-bullying shows the ugly face of the internet. Victims of cyber-bullying can become depressed and in extreme cases even commit suicide. We can therefore understand that the internet is dangerous and unknown to most people, capable of hurting them if they are not aware of the internet as a whole.Cyber-bullying has several negative effects on individuals or groups of people. Usually, it starts with a confused feeling on the part of the victim, feeling hurt because a person or a group of people has targeted them and insulted them for no other reason than simply to be mean. Most would ask why they are the target but perhaps even cyber-bullies do not know why. They gradually get feelings of fear or of loneliness, fear of leaving their home or fear of going to school. If the victim is being b ullied continuously, his grades may gloaming or even show symptoms of paranoia that would make it difficult for him to communicate with people of his age or make unfermented friends. Depression can be one of the symptoms of cyber-bullying, and I am calling them symptoms because it seems that cyber-bullying is now a disease for our society. A feeling of helplessness occurs as the victim does not know where to turn to for help. It is of line true that in serious cases of constant bullying, suicide may be part of the story. Cyber-bullying should be stopped but the question still exists, can it be stopped?Proper individual reactionI believe that the reason why the U.S.A. is more concerned about cyber-bullying is the big amount of their population that is bear on and the relatively big number of incidents reported that has prompted them to impose laws against it. What should the average person suggest? Ignore the bully, do not take him seriously, not answer to him and if he is at you r school just ignore him once more. It is suggested that you report it to your counselor or your parents so they get the chance to help you. It is possible that cyber-bullies will be discouraged if you do not answer to them and they will move on to their next victim. Nevertheless, these suggestions would only help an individual to be saved from cyber-bullying. Furthermore, cyber-bullying will not stop but it is a good start for individuals to save themselves from resulting victims.Significance of Cyber-BullyingHow real is the threat of cyber-bullying? Is it such a big issue? Opinions seem to vary. Adults largely support the confidence that cyber-bullying, along with regular bullying, is responsible for many of the social, anxiety and depression problems kids live with since this situation by and large influences them. On the other hand, many teenagers do not agree with this claim, they support the idea that cyber-bullying is not such a problem because nothing is real on the intern et and things said or through should not be taken into consideration so much. In my mind, we, teens, understand better the evolution of technology than adults and so we are not tricked by the media as their role is always to report every situation in its most dramatic way but that cannot explain the rising number of suicides among young people. I believe that anyone who claims being bullied knows nearly nothing about how to protect themselves in the digital world, even when it comes to simple calculator problems. It is true that the internet does not show its real face immediately and cyber-bullying is not the only internet issue that should be worrying us. Internet is full of dark pits, full of lies that could trick anyone into confusion. My opinion is that cyber-bullying is a very big issue that is shocking our society every day but I also believe and agree that cyber-bullying is not the last thing that we should consider as a problem. People need to be educated on how to be immu ne to internet dangers and of how to avoid being mocked or cheated through the internet.Proof of the significanceAn example of a severe case of cyber-bullying took place in 2008, it shocked most people in the U.S.A. into understanding what cyber-bullying is when Megan Meier, a 13-year old girl from Missouri, pull suicide in her room. Investigators found that Megans death was the result of constant stress caused by relentless and cruel cyber-bullying. A group of people that lived in Megans neighborhood, including adults such as Lori Drews, the father of a friend of Megans who she had a fight with, and an 18-year old officer who worked for M. Drews, pretended to be a new-fangled boy in the area where Megan lived and developed a relationship with her through Myspace (a social networking site). The group had created a hoax in order to make Megan believe that she had a growing relationship with the boy. When the hoax was revealed, Megan did not have enough mental strength to deal with the humiliation of being mocked and she decided to take her life. grit then, Missouri did not have any laws against cyber-bullying so they were not able to prosecute any of the members of the group.3Having taken this incident into consideration, Missouri has now imposed laws against cyber-bullying which I will report on next in my extended essay.Another suicide took place in Massachusetts. Phoebe Prince was a 15-year old Irish immigrant who was harassed both at school, web sites and over her cell phone. For fear of losing her few friends, she refused to change her Facebook settings or cell number. Unfortunately, the idea of her being a loser led her to kill herself.4The statistics are as shocking as the incidents. A Cyber-bullying research surveyin 2008 of 2.000 middle-school students shows that around 43% of them have been victimsof situations that can be defined as cyber-bullyingReceiving an instant message that made them upset (15.8%)Having something posted on their MySpace that made them upset (14.1%).Even more alarming, a Survey of AM/MTV in September 2009 of 1,247 young people,aged 14-24, found that50% of youngsters in this age group have experienced digitally abusive behavior, with older teens aged 18-24 (52% vs. 47%) and females more likely to be targeted (53% vs. 42%)45% of young people report that they see people being mean to each other on social networking sites.5The relation ship with traditional bullyingThere is a phrase that says Sticks and stones can break your bones but names will never hurt you Personally, I cannot agree with that claim. Although cyber-bullying is less physical than traditional forms of bullying, it has very destructive and longer-lasting effects on individuals. It is very easy to access a computer and ruin someones mental state. Something that people ignore is that online everyone can be a bully, even a small, physically weak child that was a victim of traditional bullying. However the difference being that someone is now i n the position to cause even greater damage than a big brute can cause. As British bullying victim, Emily Moor said, The internet is a sinister, silent enemy you simply dont know where to start to tackle the problem. But faceless as a computer may be, it is every bit as threatening as a physical bully, if not more so because the audience instruction these horrible messages can be enormous.6It is true that if you are bullied at school then you can just go home and end it, if you are cyber-bullied you have nowhere to go.Laws against Cyber-BullyingIt is now well known that with the existence of fake profiles or profiles with hidden identities, the guilty party is hard to be traced. Lawmakers are seeking to turn back new economys on cyber-bullying because it seems that there are currently no specific laws on the books that deal directly with it. They want to address cyber-bullying with laws that would call the action of intimidation, bullying or any other actions that cause severe em otional distress illegal. Nevertheless, I was not able to find lots of information on laws against hidden identity or fake profiles but only from states like Texas and Georgia which have passed laws that deal directly against posing as someone else on the internet. What is significant is that people who post fake profiles in social network sites could be efflorescenced for their unsocial behaviour.7In a respected number of U.S. states including New York, Missouri, Rhode Island and Maryland, legislation geared at penalizing cyber-bullying and digital bullying has been introduced. In 2007, at least seven states passed specific laws against bullying through the internet. For example, Dardenne Prairie of Springfield, Missouri passed a city law making online bullying a misdemeanor. Another city of Missouri, the city of St. Charles has passed a similar law. Furthermore, in Jefferson City of Missouri, state lawmakers gave final approval to a measuring making cyber-bullying illegal in 20 08.8It is believed by supporters that this bill will cover bullying from computers, text messages and other electronic devices.In August 2008, the California state legislature passed the first law to deal directly with cyber-bullying. The legislation was named Assembly Bill 86 2008 and the idea was that it would add provisions related to bullying committed through an electronic communication device or system and a definition of electronic communication was added for this purpose to the School/Law Enforcement Partnership program. Eventually, this law took place at January 1 of 2009.Even if it is due to the following changed that many schools are now able to confront cyberbullying, I will keep the following information in the Laws against Cyber-Bullying section.In Arkansas in 2007, they passed a law that would allow school officials to deal with cyber bullies even if a persons bullying did not take place or start on school property. After the law was imposed, the result was that schoo l administrators gained more freedom to punish individuals that were the bullies.In Iowa, several laws have been passed that forced schools to adopt anti-cyber bullying policies which cover bullying in the school or in school property or generally at a school function or activity sponsored by the school.In New Jersey the Garden State has always maintained tough legislation against bullying, but until 2007 there werent any laws enforced which included cyber-bullying. Once again, the law gives the power to the school staff to punish people related with bullying against their fellow students.In Idaho, in 2006, its lawmakers passed a law that allowed staff of the school, especially officials, to suspend students that were using a computer or another electronic device to harass specific students.At Oregon state, they decided to look in detail at cyber-bullying and broadened its definition.Recently, the governor of Rhode Island tried to pass a bill which would take cyber-bullying offender s to court with the charge of being illegal against the states laws.Vermont, had already very strict laws against bullying and cyber-bullying but its lawmakers recently added a fine of 500 dollars for those who where offensive to other people on the internet. Vermont is considered as one of the states with the strictest legislation against this type of bullying.9School actionIt is important to mention that many schools are adopting policies to address cyber-bullying and that is something genuinely important. Since cyber-bullying is mostly a problem because of the existence of the internet, many schools put downd their internet sites range so as to protect children from entering sites that could lead them to becoming the victim of a cyber-bully. Also, many schools have passed anti-bullying rules and policies which address cyber-bullying. They closely monitor students use of computers at school and have bought tracking software but without relying solely on it in order to essay out problematic online behaviors and bullying. Many educators try to educate students, teachers and different staff members about the dangers of cyber-bullying and about what should be done in order to avoid itWho should be blamed?Despite attempts at changing laws and policies and trying to implement them, what is worrying, is the fact that no law can really stop cyber-bullying while communication through the internet or cell phones provides anonymity, many fake profiles are created in order to tease or bully people in social sites like Facebook and Myspace. Really, is there anybody we can accuse or blame for this mess? Is there any way to get a line the extinction of a fake profile? Our society promotes rage and that does not help to overcome this problem. Video games, television and all mass media mostly project violent incidents. Because of this children and teens become familiar with the idea of violence and they think of it as the normal. Parents on the whole are not familiar wi th the idea of cyber-bullying and they are not able to protect their children from being cyber-bullied. It is not really their fault as technology is developing very fast and many of them cannot keep up with it. Teens do not usually talk to their parents about their problems and that makes it very difficult for the parents to help their children. Many schools make the mistake of not informing students enough about it or showing them how to protect themselves. Children should have some experience about cyber-bullying so as to get through it without any wounds. I believe that the society as a whole is the only that can be blamed for this issue.ConclusionIn conclusion although the internet and mobile phones communication systems make our lives easier and play a very important role in our activities, it is miserable that they have been poisoned and destroyed by being used to abuse others. The positive aspects of the internet and mobile phones cannot be questioned or enumerated however what I am mostly certain of is that the negative aspects are just as great in number and in seriousness. As a Kevin Brennan said Cyberbullying is the unacceptable face of new technology, and we need concerted action across society to address it. Schools must play a key role, and this new guidance will help them to identify and tackle instances of cyberbullying more effectively, as well as providing practical advice and information on how to prevent it.10Cyber-bullying is on the rise and it affects almost anyone that possesses and uses a computer or a cell-phone but the idea of stopping or obstructing cyber-bullying seems to be very far. Cyber-bullying exists in schools, out of schools and everywhere and since parents are not totally controlling their childs actions in and out of school, it is very hard to follow the plans of bullies. While school violence as a whole is declining, bullying behaviors have increased by 5%.Furthermore, the last months of 2010 there were multiple suicid e deaths as a result of cyber-bullying.11There are lots of reasons that could lead a person to bully another and there are even more sources of traps that could lead the bullied person to remain silent and contribute in this way to the growing problem.After much research, I no longer wonder if this whole situation could be stopped but whether it can at least decrease. It seems that there is no way for it to be stopped since most states of the U.S.A. do not have any legislations that deal directly with cyber-bullying. Even where legislation does exist it does not have the power to reduce cyber-bullying to any great amount because of the anonymity or the hidden identity that the internet provides. This could even be a great research question for another extended essay. Should the internet provide anonymity and the choice to retain your identity hidden? Existing legislation in states of the U.S. which I have mentioned have only worked in very few situations where the bully has not hidd en his identity. What could make us think that legislation could stop anonymous bullies?What will always be needed to overcome such a situation is the support of adults towards children and young people that have fallen victims to the dark pits of the internet. Parents especially must not lay to rest that. Since bullying through internet and mobile phones cannot really be stopped then the next best way to deal with it, is to make children immune to it. Children should be taught to avoid it and go on with their lives. They should be taught how to prevent bullies from using them as victims. Parents should help them build a strong personality.

Investigation of Subgrade Reaction Coefficient in Sandy Soil

Investigation of Subgrade Reaction Coefficient in Sandy alterNumerical investigating of subgrade reaction coefficient in sandy injurysAdel Asakereh1, Hassan Jamali2*, Masoud mossafa11 Civil Department, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran2Young Researchers and elect(ip) Club, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar,AbstractThe defect-foundation interaction is champion of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering relating to background behavior against side loading. Winklers model is the first and simplest method for considering the poop-foundation interaction. Because to image the coefficient of the subgrade reaction of the domain before designing structure is vitally important, so, observational, analytical and numerical methods have been proposed. This research chose a end characteristic that is in Bandar Abbas (Iran). decision is to comp are the proposed experimental formulae for determining the coefficient of the subgrade reaction with i ts corresponding values resulting from the behavioral models. Finite constituent analysis was performed by Plaxis software and important parameters were proposed by the engineers. Results bailiwick increase footing diameter leads to a decrease in the coefficient of the subgrade reaction due to increasing load area which results in increasing settlement. It is found that increasing each of the strength parameters of the soil can be expected to have an effect on increasing the subgrade reaction, although this increase depends on footing diameter. Also in sand soils, the soil cohesion effects on the increase of the subgrade reaction coefficient much than the internal friction angle.Keywords Elasticity coefficient, Mat foundation, Subgrade reaction coefficient, Bandar Abbas City, Finite grammatical constituent analysisIntroductionThe application of mat foundations has a long history. This guinea pig of foundation has shown a very good performance in transferring construction force s to the ground. shortly in most cases, engineers use a constant value for the subgrade reaction coefficient to analyze the mat flexible foundations. This constant is obtained from geotechnical experiments such as plate loading. umteen researchers have analyze soil subsidence and the subgrade reaction coefficient using plate loading test 1-9.NomenclaturesBDiameter of footing (m)Minimum marginal proportionality of footing(m)cCohesion (kPa)dPlate burdensomeness (m)DfEmbedment depth of foundation(m)Soil malleableity modulus (kPa)EIFlexural rigidity of footing (kN.m2)EAAxial rigidity of footing (kN.m2)Height of ith story (m)If , Is, IdDimensionless coefficientsksSubgrade Reaction Coefficient (kN/m3)mConstant coefficientsPVertical pressure (kPa)Greek SymbolsvPoisson ratioVertical Displacement (m)Angle of friction (Degree)Unit tilt (kN/m3)Dry unit weight (kN/m3)The application of a uniform reaction coefficient over all of the foundation means neglecting the conditions of a continuu m for the soil and the effects of baseball swing in the soil layers. One of the fundamental issues in designing and calculating the foundations is the problem of soil-foundation interaction. It is very important to study soil behavior against the external loads. Soil behavior depends on many factors such as moisture gist, density, particle-forming mineral types, grain size, grain shape, grading curve, current state of the nisus, stress history, pore pressure, color point, permeability rate, time, and temperature. In order to study the soil-foundation interaction, many researchers have tried to investigate soil behavior against the imposed loadings to find a model for it. The corporal model is a mathematical relation for describing the stress- screen let on behaviour of a small grammatical constituent of the environment.As previously mentioned, soil behavior depends on many factors it is super difficult to provide a model including the effects of all factors. Thus in solving the problems of soil-foundation interaction, some properties of the soil are usually excluded to provide a simpler model with fewer parameters. Since the soil at a macroscopic scale is considered as a continuum, the simplest possible state we consider the soil as a linear, homogenous and consistent elastic semi-space. In such a case, the soil will have devil parameters Poisson coefficient and the elastic modulus. The first and simplest model for investigating the soil and foundation interaction is a model offered by Winkler in 1867 10. In this model, the deformation of any point of the soil ground is related to the point stress value and the effect of the stresses and the changes in other points are neglected. In this model, soil is replaced with a set of independent springs with a detail stiffness coefficient. Thus, only one single parameter is considered for the soil, that is, the subgrade reaction coefficient represented by ks. One of the most prominent properties of this model is its discontinuous behavior 9. The subgrade modulus is not a fundamental soil property and its magnitude depends on many factors including the shape of the foundation, the stiffness of the foundation slab, the shape of the loading on the foundation, the depth of the loaded area below the ground surface, and the time. As such, it is not constant for a given type of soil, making the estimation of a single prevalent value for design a challenge task 11. Consequently, researchers have suggested several ways to determine this parameter and several formulae have been offered for determining ks.Many researchers have worked on the calculation of subgrade reaction coefficient. Ismail 12 studied the applications of the artificial neural networks (ANN) and the simple-multiple regression analysis to predict the deformation modulus and the coefficient of the subgrade reaction of the compacted soils from the compaction parameters (such as maximum dry density (MDD) optimum moisture content (O MC), field dry density (FDD), and field moisture content (FMC)). Ding 13 compared four typical methods for determining the coefficient of the subgrade reaction including the test method, Lis method, MIDAS method, and finite element method. He showed that the test method is the one preferred by the designers, that the tangential coefficient should be in a range of one to two-third of the normal coefficient. The internal force of underground structures can be obtained by the test method and modified by a correction factor that is 1.05. Barmenkova et al. 14 carried out calculations of plates on an elastic basis with varying and constant coefficients of subgrade reaction. In this paper, the calculation of plates bending was carried out by the finite element method. The results were compared for different models of plates on an elastic basis. For a two-layer plate on an elastic basis, which had heterogeneity in the plan, the results of calculation took into account the increase of the round top of the upper structure.Kobayashi et al. 15 calculated the subgrade reaction coefficient for a foundation soil in an open loading dock using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) based on measurements taken during in situ horizontal loading tests on a pile. The numerical results would provide useful learning for the future design of open piers and their foundations. Liao 16 reviewed the limitations of various simple and complex methods ge instrument panel for estimating the coefficient of subgrade reaction k, and developed a new method using the results of the plane strain finite element analyses of a loaded beam or slab resting on the surface of a homogeneous elastic soil layer.Although many studies have been carried out on determining the subgrade reaction coefficient, the dependence on many parameters leads to further parametric studies. Experimental and theoretical formulas for determining ks are based on available information from limited turn ups with some assumptions, so it is possible for them not to have sufficient precision in all areas. Therefore, determining the subgrade reaction coefficient in specific areas such as Bandar Abbas city and assessment of the effective parameters on subgrade reaction coefficient is vital. Besides, the Increasing in footing width, increases effective depth. Therefore, determination of ks in footing with more width is more complex especially in layered soil, because ks obtained from plate load test is different from ks under real loading of structure. Thus investigation of the footing width and the strength parameters of the soil on ks is needed. Performing plate load tests with large diameters is expensive and difficult, and then the present study uses finite element software of Plaxis to investigate the effect of the aforementioned parameters.Parametric studies on subgrade reaction coefficient of sand soil in Bandar Abbas city are few, so this paper uses geotechnical data of a site in Bandar Abbas city (Iran) to determine subgrade reaction coefficient by using of theoretical, experimental relations and numerical methods. Besides, the effects of the strength parameters (c,) and B on subgrade reaction coefficient are investigated too. This study is carried out by using and verifying numerical methods and ensuring the accuracy of the software. Numerical analysis has been done by finite element method using Plaxis software 17.Analytical methods of subgrades reaction coefficientIn order to obtain ks, one can generally apply plate loading, consolidation, triaxial, and CBR tests and experimental and theoretic relations provided by researchers 18. Among them, plate loading testing and the experimental method are considered the most common methods. In this paper, experimental and theoretic methods are considered. There are several relations including Vesic 19, Biot 20, and Bowles 6 as well as relations resulting from elastic theory from walkover theory to determine subgrade reaction coefficient. Biot 20 understand the problem of an infinite beam on a linear elastic subgrade and provided Eq. (1) for subgrade reaction coefficient.(1)Vesic 19 developed Biots work 20 and suggested Eq. (2) for the relation between ks and elastic characteristic of soil(2)He also showed the difference between Winkler method and continuum does not exceed 10 percent. Bowles 6 showed the numerical value of in ordinary condition may be approximated by 1, and in most cases subgrade reaction coefficient is obtained by Eq. (3)(3)Using elasticity theory is another way to approximate ks. By reformulating the elastic subsidence in rectangular foundation, we obtain the following 21(4)These values are determined based on tables in the elastic subsidence section of basic soil mechanic references. m is the coefficient which is equalise to 1, 2 and 4 for corner, edge, and center, respectively. ks is calculated in corners assuming m = 1 from Eq. (4) and it is multiplied by 0.5 to obtain k edges or by 0.25 to obtain ks centers. According to the above word of honor, it can be seen that there are several formulae to determine soil subgrade reaction coefficient.General and geotechnical properties of the soilThe site of the residential- moneymaking(a) building is located to the west part of Bandar Abbas city in Iran (Fig. 1) with seven floors over the ground floor (parking lot). The depth of the foundation settlement is equal to the height of the foundation as 1 meter and no groundwater grade was observed until the end of the excavation depth. In order to identify the underground layers, five boreholes were excavated (three 15-meter boreholes and two 20-meter boreholes) using a rotary drilling machine. During soil boring, some samples were extracted for laboratory experiments. After completion of the field operation, the extracted samples were tested for grading, Atterberg limits, moisture content of the natural soil, and cypher shear test. The studies on the layers of the site soil show the soil type in the foundation subgrade is mainly silty sand (SM) from the ground level checkmate to the depth of 8 meters, and the soil type is bad-grained sand (SP) from the depth of 8 meters downwards.Fig. 1. Location of Bandar Abbas city.Considering the field and laboratory experiments in order to determine the scale of soil subsidence and the bearing capacity of the site soil, the required parameters were selected from the five excavated boreholes as shown in skirt 1. The data of the samplings is available down to 20 meters deep. The soil type was given down to the depth of the foundation effect (around 30m). Moreover, the soil weight at the 20 to 30 m depth (layer 11) has considered as being constant.Table 1. Soil properties of the siteNo. of LayersDep. (m)Soil TypeSPT (Ncor.) (%)c (kPa) () (kN/m3)d(kN/m3)10-2SM214.10291716.322-4SM1716.6029.118.616.2334-6SM2414.9028.818.616.1846-8SM3315.2030.418.916.458-10SP3823.7032.420.116.24610-12SP3918.1031.219.416.42712-14SP4724.2031.2 20.616.58814-16SP5019.80302016.69916-18SP5019.20322016.771018-20SP5018.80322016.831120-30SP5018.80322016.83Equations (5) and (6) were used to determine the elasticity modulus of the soil 6(5)For unsaturated sands, and(6)For saturated sands.Thus, the elasticity modulus for each of the soil layers is calculated based on the above formulae and the results are shown in Table 2.Table 2. Elasticity modulus of the soil layersNo. of LayersSPT (Ncor.)Es (kPa)-dry121180002171600032419500433240005382650063927000747310008503250095032500105032500115032500Numerical analysis procedureFirst, the results of Brian Anderson et al. 22 were analyzed with Plaxis to verify the software. Brian Anderson et al. 22 performed in situ testing and numerical investigation for predicting settlement of shallow foundations. Accordingly, a 1.8 m diameter concrete footing was statically load tested. Prior to construction, in situ standard sharpness test (SPT), cone penetration testing (CPT), dilatometer (DMT), and pr essuremeter (PMT) and laboratory tests were performed to determine engineering properties of the soil. A reinforced circular 1.8 m diameter 0.6 m thick concrete footing was constructed using a corrugated pipe coupler as a form. To overcome a thin hard layer surface crust, the footing was embedded 0.6 m into the ground. The groundwater table was at 1.7 m from the ground surface, as illustrated in Fig. 2. Static load was 222 kPa. Due to the symmetry, half of footing with the width of 0.5 B is modeled asymmetrically. Avoiding boundary effects, a 6.5-5 m model was selected. The model depth was taken as 6.5 m, that is almost equal to 4B=6.8 m and the width of the model was taken as 5 m, that is approximately equal to 3B 23 . Results proved that the displacement did not reach the boundaries in the analysis. To investigate the mesh dependency, a number of trial analyses were conducted through the verification study. The model include 1971 nodes and 235 elements. The boundary lines were de fined as the limited deformation in horizontal direction and free deformation in vertical direction, and limited deformations both in horizontal and vertical directions at the lower boundary as showed in Fig. 3. Trial analyses proved that with specified dimension and meshing, errors would be negligible. In order to do the modeling with finite element method, the 15-node triangular element was used gibe to Fig. 4. Table 3 presents the input parameters used for the FEM analyses. Figure 5 presents applied stress-settlement plat obtained from Plaxis in this study and reference to a point located under plate. There was a negligible difference between two diagrams, so Plaxis was able for analysis.Fig. 2. Geometry and mesh of the verification model.Fig. 3. Soil-footing profile of verification model 22.Fig. 4. 15-node triangular element.Table 3. Soil properties used in verification according to 22.Bottom(m)(kN/m3)(deg)E(Mpa)c(kPa)1.6418.931.414.502.517.330.112.503.1715.728.610.5006.514.22 7.18.50Fig. 5. Applied stress-settlement diagram.After software verification, the model was developed for determining the subgrade reaction coefficient of Bandar Abbas city and parametric study. In the created model (which included 2011 nodes and 256 elements), the loading was uniform and, a rigid foundation was considered in all phases of analysis. Model depth should be greater than 4B and model width greater than 3B for different diameters. Since it was intended to study the effect of foundation diameter on determining the value of subgrade reaction coefficient, an asymmetric model was used in the software for soil modeling. The relevant parameters of the general properties (wet and dry specific weight) and the relevant parameters of the soil resistance (c,) for all soil layers were derived from Table 1. Considering the results of the experiments and researches and the reliability of the developed numerical model with the results, and considering the soil type of the site (sand so il), Mohr-Coulomb behavioral model for the soil was used in this research. Since in Mohr-Coulomb behavioral model the stress-strain relation is fulfilled directly by the soil elasticity coefficient, thusly in entering the data of the soil elasticity coefficient as one of the input parameters, the data of Table 2 were used. The values of the dilation angle in all layers were assumed to be 0. Considering the properties of the building in this project and the scale of the imposed loading (dead and live load), the value of the imposed pressure on the soil was assumed to be 120 kN/m2 where the plate element (with the concrete foundation properties) was used to transfer this load to the modeled soil. Among the most important properties of the element, it could be referred to its flexural severity (EI) and its axis hardness (EA). These two parameters can be used to obtain the plate thickness that is the representative of the foundation thickness in this case. Considering the constant thi ckness of the foundation by 1 meter in this research, different values would be obtained for EI and EA in different models according to the Eqs. (7) and (8) 24. Since the modeling was done with asymmetric method, thus half of the diameter of the real foundation was modeled, and the modeling was done in direction of x-axis, three times more than the foundations diameter (3B), and in the direction of y-axis equal to the number of the layers mentioned in Table 1. Moreover, Table 4 shows the parameters needed for determining the plate input parameters into Plaxis software.d= deq(7)(8)Fig. 6. Geometry of the model.Table 4. Plate parametersEI (kNm2/m)EA (kN/m)E (kPa)Df(m)Var.Var.2.5-1071Results and discussionSeven models were developed for different values of foundation diameter (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 m). Then, they were analyzed by finite element method using Plaxis. Because of axis force field strain in Plaxis, foundation is considered as a strip with B/2 of diameter and 1 m, orthogonal to the plane as shown in Fig. 6. union of vertical displacement in center and below of the foundation (sections are in center and 1 meter below the above subgrade of soil model) is obtained according to the load determined by the construction analysis (120 kN/m2). The soil subgrade reaction coefficient is calculated by Eq. (9) for any values of foundation diameter 25(9)

Response to Article about Cystic Fibrosis Essay -- Biology

Cystic Fibrosis - Summary of Article It has been known for quite some time that CFTR is a cAMP regulated chloride ion channel whose mutation is intimately think to cystic fibrosis (CF). However, the abnormality in the chloride ion channels is not the only biochemical peculiarity associated with the disease. Of particular interest to researchers is the finding that sodium ion (Na+) absorption in the cells of CF patients is both elevated and positively related to the cAMP concentration, whereas, in normal cells, cAMP concentration is inversely related to the rate of Na+ absorption. The malfunction of the Na+ pump becomes immediately apparent, for the primary symptom of CF is a chronic bacterial infection of the lungs, due to the abnormally low viscosity of the fluid which bathes the cellular epithelium by pumping ions into the airway, rather than into the cell, a thermodynamically unfavorable concentration gradient of sodium ions is is established, in which the airway is hypotonic and osmosis is kinetically favored. In the case of CF, the local anaesthetic chloride pump is inoperative, and the sodium pumps are incredibly overactive, importing Na+ from the airway, and taking water out of the fluid inside the lungs in the process. Therefore, is is inappropriate to place the doctor responsibility for the low fluid viscosity directly upon the mutation of the CFTR protein. Studies have demonstrated that the elevated Na+ absorption is not due to an overexpression of the Na+ apotheosis protein, ENaC, in the membrane, nor can cAMP sensitivity be linked to a genetically mutated ENaC. The possibility that the altered CFTR indirectly led to the Na+ channel phenomena by altering the functionality of normal ENaC formed the basis of a hypothesis which ... ...The use of amiloride as a form of treatment is significant because amiloride actually helps the body in correcting the chloride and sodium ion concentration, thereby rehydrating the cells and thinning the mucus. Th is process differs from current treatments which loosen the mucus or dilute it so the patients can rids their lungs of the infectious substance more easily. whole shebang Cited1.) Purves, WK, Orians GH, Heller HC. Life the Science of Biology. Sunderland Sinauer Associates, Inc. 1995. Chapter 15, Genetic Disease and Modern Medicine pages 334-352.2.) CF-FAQ Part 1. Ed. Ron Trueworthy. CF-WEB. Internet. 10 September 1996.3.) S. H. Wright, interview by group members. Tucson, Arizona, 22 October 1996.4.) M. J. Stutts, C. M. Canessa, J. C. Olsen, M. Hamrick, J. A. Cohn, B. C. Rossier, R. C. Boucher, Science, v. 269, 11 August 1995, pages 847-850.

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A DMV hearing takes place at the DMV, not the court, and focuses on endorse suspension and revocation. A DMV hearing is offered to those who have been pulled over for DUI and gives that person a chance to explain the situation and the details surrounding their arrest in an elbow grease to keep their license from being suspended or revoked. A DMV hearing is highly recommended and go forth better your chances when it comes to keeping your license. It shows that you care and you want to take office for your actions. What the court decides and what the DMV decides about your case are two different things. The court can dismiss or lessen the charges with your case, but that doesnt mean the DMV will do the same. You have to deal with each separately. At your DMV hearing you have the right to be represented by attorney, you can present any enjoin and/or bring witnesses, cross-examine opposing witnesses, and as an entirety this is your chance to have your case be reviewed by an imparti al person. You or your attorney can asking any evidence that the DMV has about case. The evidence needs t...

Free Essays - Depression in The Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Depression in The Catcher in the Rye       The Catcher in the Rye by, J.D. Salinger is told through Holden the narrative in the story.  The put of the novel takes place in the 1940s early 1950s.  Holden is sixteen years old and he has a lot of problems in his life.  He becomes seriously depressed to the extremum he cannot deal with people and life around him. The 1940s were different from today.  However, Holden Caulfield is similar to many other teenagers who go through the same problems.          The 1940s were a time of nationalism.  manpower had to maintain an appearance of a tough attitude.  They were never allowed to let their real feelings show. One of the major reasons Holden becomes depressed is the death of his fellow Allie.  He described is buddy as being nothing only if perfect.  He keeps this guilt locked up inside him because he blames his death on himself.  A memory that haunts him is when he excluded his brother from a b-b gun game.  Another memory that he held on to and was never able to forgive himself for was when Allie asked Holden to go bike riding and he didnt go.  Holden did not have a good relationship with his Mother or Father.  He needed them the approximately right after the death of Allie.  However, we see Holden crying out serve well and attention when he threw a baseball through the window and broke it and still nobody talked to him.  His older brother went off to Hollywood. The only one he adores is his younger sister Phoebe. He is able to talk to her and he thought she understood him.   He could not deal with reality.  He quoted I am the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. He couldnt depend people not even himself.  He drank to make himself feel better but it just made him angrier.  Many adolecesents go through the same problems as Holden does.  They have no one to turn to.   So they dig deeper into this hole and cant face life. However, no matter what, losing a loved one is probably the most painful loss a person can face.