Optometry Essay example -- essays research papers

Over half the people in the United States wear glasses or contact lenses. Optometrist, also known as â€Å"Eye Doctors† or â€Å"O.D.’s, have to provide there services in order to meet the demands. Optometrists have to be well-educated and friendly people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All States and the District of Columbia require that optometrists be licensed, which requires a Doctor of Optometry degree from an accredited optometry school and passing both a written and a clinical State board examination. Licenses are renewed every one to three years and in all states, continuing education credits are needed for renewal. The Doctor of Optometry degree requires a four-year program proceeded by at least 3 years of study before they even start. Most students hold a bachelor degree or higher. You must have passed college English, Mathematics, Optics, Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology to get accepted into an optometrist college.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Employment of optometrists is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations through 2008 in response to the vision care needs of a growing and aging population. As baby boomers age, they will be more likely to visit optometrists and ophthalmologists because of the onset of vision problems in middle age, including computer-related vision problems. The demand for optometry services will also increase because of growth in the oldest age group, with their increased likelihood of cataracts, glaucoma, diabe...

Defining Abnormality Essay

Psychologist, for years have given their theory on normal and abnormal behavior, but all the studies they have done seems to give more evidence to prove what make each individual do what they do and why. In the normal and abnormal behavior we use all research and take all of its studies into consideration and apply it to why such behaviors have occurred. Reading this paper you can see that there are many experiments that challenge the theory of behavior no matter if it’s normal or abnormal. We will clarify some of the challeges as we define and classify both normal and abnormal behavior when we look at the challenges in Culture, gender and sexual preferences/practices and religion. Cultural normal and abnormal behaviors Culture is a challenge to abnormal behavior because these behaviors establish through socio-cultural traditions. The sociocultural perspective explains that abnormal behaviors are a result of family influences and social forces. Similar to the behavioral perspective, socio-cultural theorists believe mental disorders are learned behaviors. They tend to focus on social class, gender, and ethnicity in the explanation of mental disorders. An understanding of one’s sociocultural forces is also taken into consideration concerning abnormal behavior and its cultural challenge. Social forces, such as the media, social change, pressures, poverty, and social institutions are examples of how mental disorders are distinct or classified in culture. Family perspectives challenge abnormalities because they are complex systems. Because families are a representation of stability, any type of disruption could result in an emotional disorder. Culture puts a limit on abnormality because social norms tend to change over time. Cultural relativism holds the idea that normal or acceptable behavior are determined by society. Every society has its own views about what is normal and what is abnormal. For in instance, in the past Greeks thoughts people who heard voices was evidence of divine prophecy, yet today this is a sign of schizophrenia (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Culture bound disorders or abnormal behaviors practiced by a specific culture do not fit into the usual categories of the DSM-IV categories because the practices pertain to a particular group of people (Simons, 1996-2012). Given that the sociocultural perspective explains abnormal behavior is learned; treatment consists of switching the rewards and punishers in the environment and changing the bad habits that causes these behaviors (Learn Maximum, 2011). Mind/body normal and abnormal behavior Abnormal thoughts can have an important impact on the body. The mind/body connection is very strong. Constantly thinking negative thoughts can either perpetuate an already existing illness or bring illness on. Worrying all of the time can bring on anxiety that can cause other problems, such as high blood pressure and heart problems if not treated. Hypochondria are a condition brought about from abnormal thinking. Hypochondria are a disorder where a person thinks he or she has a life-threatening illness, but in actuality, are completely healthy physically. Other symptoms are, worrying about minor problems and linking them to life-threatening illnesses, seeing doctors numerous times to have tests, such as MRI’s and echocardiograms, switching doctors because the current doctor will not diagnose the patient with an illness, constantly talking to family and friends and suspected illnesses, continually checking their bodies for sores and lumps, checking vital signs, such as pulse and blood pressure on a frequent basis, and believing that they have disease after hearing or reading about it. There are several ways to recognize if thought are abnormal and could be hypochondria or if they are normal reactions and are in need of a doctor’s attention. Sometimes symptoms exist in actuality and a doctor cannot identify those symptoms. This can cause anxiety as well that can lead to other health problems. If a person can locate the illness that goes along with his or her symptoms, this usually means that he or she are normal and not hypochondriac. It is important to take an active role in recognizing mental and physical health to get the help needed. Recognizing when it is time to go to a medical doctor or psychiatrist is important to mental and physical health (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Religious normal and abnormal behavior The article of studying the specificity of spirituality: lessons from the psychology of religion discuss how the psychology of religion studies the specificity of spirituality. One major issues is how psychology contributes to the assessment, exploration, and explanation acts and activities of the specificity of religious and spiritual. There have been discussions for a long time about substantive vs. unctional definitions of the scientific study of religion (Platvoet & Molendijk, 1999). A substantive definition of religion is looking at religion as a type of philosophy or a basic understanding of nature and reality, which has nothing to do with our social or psychological lives. Functionalist definitions of religion are people belief either in social life, in society. Spirituality is cultural experiences that consists of different acts and activities in a certain spiritual tradition, which can be normal for some people or abnormal. Psychology of religion is a Western enterprise, in the East elaborate but different psychologist exists (cf. , e. g. , Paranjpe, 1998). Spirituality has different specificity, spiritual acts, and activities which associated to what people consider the act of transcending. One of the tasks psychology has is to comprehend the accuracy of human lives as well as in religion and spirituality, all spiritual acts, and activities are not alike. Psychologists involved in the study of the specificity of spirituality should go beyond with his or her research and understand the peculiarities, such as what they bestow. The clarification they offer for the behaviors and activities are so that people can understand the involvement and the type of meaning they bestow. Conclusion As we have demonstrated the challenges in classifying and defining normal and abnormal behavior because it is always changing and giving new research they have conducted in their study to indicate what is normal/ abnormal and how to identify from each of the behaviors.

Why Voting Is Important

Voting is one of the most important things that can be done as an American. Voting gives people the right to voice their opinion on pending laws, ordinances, and who they want to be in local and state officials. It also will let people decide who will be the leaders of our country. Voting makes it impossible for someone or one party to stay in office longer than the legal amount of time. Voting gives people the power so there cannot be laws passed without them having a say on it.If a law is being voted on the members of the community, which it will be affecting will have a chance to vote on it. Some elections are won by a very small margins and it could have gone in the other direction if everyone that was eligible to vote, would register and actually go out and vote. People who do not vote, others decide what is good for the way that they will living our lives. Voting decides how American is going to be run and everyone’s voice will be heard.Voting is part of being an America n, and everyone should take advantage of it. Voting is important because it exercises our right to vote as an American citizen to express our issues and ideas. Voting is the most powerful way to express your ideas and opinions. If you didn’t vote you would never be able to argue your opinion on such things as abortion, gas prices, tax dollars, or more better paying jobs. Voting exercises your right as an American citizen to express your issues and opinions.The leaders of our country have always been chosen through the presidential election since the beginning of constitution and by laws. Voting helps decide who will run our nation for the next term. Without voting our country would be ran by monarchy or dictatorship. Voting to decide who will run our country for the next four years is more than important to our survival as a nation of strong free people. Voting makes the difference from being lead by someone we chose as the people than by someone who took charge without the p eoples consent or by their bloodline.

Database Applications Used in Our Organization Essay

Our company has really advanced in terms of database management. Initially, they were using Microsoft Access database application soft but recently they introduced Oracle database application. This change has been brought about by the economic growth in the country which has in turn seen our organization grow significantly. Microsoft Access database application is the commonest database application that is used by majority of the firms especially the small one. One of the benefits of using this database is that it is relatively compatible with Structure query language (SQL). Most organizations have made use of the software for one is that it’s in expensive to maintain and secondly it’s because most employees are family with its application. Our company has not been an exception; we have over the years been using the software to store all our data in it and were able to retrieve the information without difficultness. The database application software is very useful in out organization as we have eliminated the use of papers in our office. This has also increase the efficiency of activities within and outside the organization. This has ensured that tasks are accomplished faster within the organization and this ensures that organizational goals and objectives are achieved in the long run. Previous, the use of paper work in the organization would lead to some processed being delayed and this in turn to delay to completion of a deal that would have benefited the organization financially. For this case, elimination of the paper work has seen deals being completed faster and the company gains financially. Recently, the management saw the need of introducing advanced database application software that would be able to accommodate the huge data the need to be store within our system. Due to this reason, they proposed to introduce Oracle database application software in the organization although the Microsoft Access database application software is still in use. The reason of using both is to ensure that all employees familiarize with the new system before implementing the Oracle database application fully in the organization. Another reason of maintaining both systems in the organization is because it would take time for the organization to transfer the entire data store in the Microsoft Access to the Oracle system. There is still room for improvement as far as database management is concerned in our organization to ensure that our services are delivery even faster so that we can increase our sale and achieve our organizational goals and objectives. For this case, the organization needs to ensure that all employees familiarize themselves with the Oracle database application software so that we can get rid of Microsoft Access. It is always wise for an organization to advance with technology since many large organization are no longer using the Microsoft Access and incase they interact, they might be a problem due to compatibility of information. There is also a need for the organization to introduce DB2 database application software which is also cost effective database application software. Organizations especially large one like ours should ensure they get rid of paper work which slows processes within the organization. They should adopt database application software that is cost effective in term of number of employees to be employed to handle and maintain company’s data and speed of processing information within the organization.

Poverty during the French Revolution Essay

France’s history is peppered with enthusiasm of the good life. Just as the French are known for their passionate nature, so too are the events that constitute France’s socio-political history. Many of France’s great thinkers have contributed a number of concepts that are used in modern society such as the concept of property and the state. However, the country’s most notable contribution is its historical accounts of successful revolutions since it has inspired other countries to follow the same route. During the late 17th century, France’s budding economy was reaping the benefits of capitalism; the state of its people in general was not in good condition, particularly those who lived in the rural areas. This has led many of its destitute citizens to question the direction of the monarch’s rule and its intention to stay in power. As a result, people from the bourgeoisie and the urban poor had opted to go against the oppressive ruling classes in the hopes of toppling down the power and distributing it to the people, creating a balanced society. Still, after countless revolutions and reform programs, the destitute were still large in numbers, whilst the ruling classes remained to be in control of all the changes proposed during the reformation. The outcome of such revolutionized efforts in the old regime has brought into light the grounds to which extremist ideas did not seem to help the poor in France win the battle over property and human rights. The impoverished citizens in France constitute a large part of the population. In William Doyle’s book The Oxford History of the French Revolution, it was noted that 20 million people are found in the rural areas, accounting for about 90 % to 95 % of the population. About 80 % were said to have resided in villages of 2,000 or less during the reign of Louis XVI. This was due to the fact that in the past, the French society had practiced the concept of feudalism in managing the lands, dividing its citizens by three orders: the clergy, nobility and commoners. The clergy was the overseer of most of the lands though they share land entitlements with the nobility or the upper classes. The commoners were said to have been the general poor who worked for the nobles and clergy. They are not given the right to own the land as they are considered as property of their masters. This kind of stratification was already marked in birth, and is one of the triggers that fueled the French revolution since the tension created in the communities where specific privileges were bestowed upon certain individuals or groups isolated the peasant majority. At the onset of capitalism in the country, overseas trade became the forerunner that pushed the country into expanding its economy, which was set for its long-term development. Though progression has given opportunities for the poor to obtain work, especially in the urban areas, it did little to uplift the poverty rate since most often; a strict criterion was enforced that limited those who could avail the jobs in the cities. The wages were also not reasonable enough to sustain the living of most workers since the bourgeoisie class controlled most of the profits earned in their businesses and are often only circulated amongst them. In Doyle’s book, the inconsistency of the price increases in bread was said to have caused riots in the urban communities since most of the urban poor depended upon bread for their diets. This has led many of the urban workers to protest and instigate revolts against the factory owners. In effect, most of the urban poor suffered from poor health since the environment and the working conditions in which they were subjected to were not beneficial to them. After the onslaught of the bourgeoisie revolution that took over Bastilles, the peasant majority started to hope for the attainment of social inequity since they thought that most of the middle classes shared the same sentiments but they did not foresee that the change brought about by the revolution would still not favor them. In reference to Lynn Hunt’s book The French Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History, the commencement of the French revolution gave way to the establishment of a new set of laws that was inclusive of the marginalized poor. In 1789, a National Assembly was conducted in response to the growing chaos that had swept the country’s social systems wherein it discussed injustices experienced by both the rural and urban poor. Propositions to the King were made via the Estates-General elections, which was aided by the representatives from the three different class orders to determine the distributions of the land. However, the discussion did not reach a consensus as most of them could not agree on how to vote and what is deemed to be viable for the community. The following year, a Civil Constitution for the Clergy was administered, which intended to obtain the church lands that accounted for about 10 % of whole land area of the country. This did not sit well with most of the clergy as they did not want to give up the privileges accorded to them, harboring great resentment from the peasantry. The assembly also argued about the technicalities that comprise legal rights wherein a distinction is made between active citizens, who were granted full rights to vote and hold office, and passive citizens who were under the same laws, but could not vote or hold office. While the three order division was not being considered, another form of class stratification took its place, as it determined the status of a citizen based on one’s income level, gender, race, religion, and profession. To add more insult to injury, the Le Chapelier Law of 1791 further differentiated workers from property owners. This action was said to have banned worker associations or unions from developing since the upper and middle classes thought it would be a hindrance to national unity. According to Boyle, the reluctance for distributing power to the poor communities was due to the likelihood of widespread fear of further unrest. Another reason was said to have been inclined to those who understood the aims of the enlightenment since they believe that only those who are knowledgeable could be trusted to exercise reason, or to think for themselves. Furthermore, many of those free-thinking nobilities argued that economic-based perceptions of the workers mirrored corporate guilds which would encumber individual freedom. The role that poverty has played at the beginning of the French revolution was used mostly as a tool for the bourgeoisie to control the finances of the country. The revolution was used as a means to an end, not as an end in itself, which offered the peasantry as bait in the scheme of things. While the revolution did produce a great deal of change for the state of France, the presence of the bourgeoisie and the stance of the few privileged has contributed to the stagnation of what the revolution could have been.

Dividend Imputation System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dividend Imputation System - Essay Example Previously the corporate tax rate was 39% and now it has been reduced to 30%. Dividend imputation was brought in during the year 1987. It is a tax reform brought about by the Hawke/Keating government. Before the reform a company had to pay company tax on its gains and after that if the company paid a dividend it was also taxed again as income for the shareholder and this led into a form of double taxation. Dr Henry who is leading the Federal Government's taxation review, stated that, "If domestic shareholders have access to full company tax imputation, the company tax actually increases their dividend income - both in pre-tax and post-tax terms". In 1997 the eligibility rules for the same were introduced, with a $2000 minute shareholder exemption. In the year 1999 the exemption was enhanced to the current $5000. In the year 2000 franking credits were made completely refundable rather than decreasing tax liability to zero. In the year 2002 preferential dividend streaming was cast out. Australia's arrangement of dividend imputation which is otherwise known as franking is a key concept which new capitalists had to realize. Australian companies did not escape illogical capital allotment decisions. The imputation system encourages a more liberal distribution of profits by dividends. The most significant facet of this system is that Australian resident individual shareholders get a rebate in respect of tax which is already paid by the company on dividend income. This refund is known as the franking rebate. For instance if an individual pays tax on other income at the highest marginal rate of 47% which excludes the 1.7% Medicare then his tax liability on a entirely franked dividend is cut down from 47% to 17% by the franking rebate. At the same time if a taxpayer has to pay tax on other income at the marginal rate of 30% excluding the 1.7% Medicare levy then his tax liability is decreased from 30% to -9% by the franking rebate. Lastly when an individual pays tax on other income at the trivial rate of 20% exclusive of the 1.7% Medicare levy then the tax liability on a totally franked dividend for such a taxpayer is cut down from 20% to -25% by the franking rebate. As the franking rebate is more than the payable tax, the rest of the rebate can be utilised to offset other income like salary etc. As per calculations the individual mentioned above will have a tax credit of $250.00. Present treatment of resident shareholders in resident company with source of income in Australia: Australian Company Taxable Income = $1000 Australian company tax =$ 300 (which creates $300 of franking credits) Income after tax = $ 700 If the company wants to pay off all its after tax income the highest franking credit that it can apportion for distribution is $300. The consequences of an allocation of $700 along with a franking credit of $300 for a 48.5 % marginal rate shareholder, a 31.5 % marginal rate shareholder, for an Australian corporate shareholder and a superannuation fund shareholder is as follows:- 48.5% Marginal rate shareholder Dividend = $ 700 Franking credit =$ 300 Dividend grossed up =$1000 Tax @ 48.5% =$ 485 Tax offset =$ 300 Net tax payable = $ 185 Dividend after tax =$ 515 31.5%

Which Philosopher Benefits the Working Class Essay

Which Philosopher Benefits the Working Class - Essay Example For example, Karl Marx is well known as the Father of Communism and his theories are being followed by some modern governments. It is interesting to study the views and theories of these historical thinkers and see how they serve to explain modern day structures and events. Some philosophers can concretely be proved more accurate than others while some theories are still matters of debate. At the base, what truly matters is the individual and where they see themselves. One may take upon oneself a theory as their self-description while another may very well deny the same theory and choose an alternative or opposing view. Herein shall be examined the position of various philosophers: Lenin, Marx, Smith, and Ortega y Gasset, as they relate to the life of one who is deemed â€Å"working class.† Vladimir Lenin was one of the great Russian political figures and a great thinker of the twentieth century (Historical Figures n.p.). He is the one responsible for the political structure o f the USSR. In Russia, he took up a fight on behalf of the working class. It was his position that the working class needed to be rescued from the capitalist oppressors that placed heavy burdens upon them. According to Lenin, a communist lifestyle greatly benefits the working class. They have the right to be free from those who would exploit them for the sake of financial gain. In his eyes, the capitalists regarded the working class as no more than a commodity and they used them to benefit their own pockets without regard for the suffering that the working class had to endure. However, Lenin acknowledged the fact that the tendency of the working class is not to take upon themselves a socialist society and that they, if the opportunity was presented, would simply switch from being the proletariat to being the bourgeois. As it has been reported, â€Å"†¦Lenin therefore concluded that if the proletariat was ever to realize its class interest the socialist idea would have to be br ought to it â€Å"from without† by those who understood Marx’s science†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Mayer159). It would seem that Lenin missed the mark in regard to the needs of the working class. The first and most obvious proof is the failure of his design, namely the USSR. Secondly, he neglected to fully recognize the cravings of the working class to be free from oppression. He did not see that his introduction of a socialist society is yet again just another form of oppression. For if the working class desires to advance in status, there ought be nothing to stop them but their own lack of determination. Yet, living in a socialist society, those who desire such freedoms would have to flee the country or abandon hope. Lenin is not accurate in the position of the working class from the view of a working class citizen. However, Lenin was not alone in his belief that socialism and communism are what will benefit the working class the most. His thoughts were greatly founded upon the vi ews of another well-known philosopher, Karl Marx. Marx, often considered the Father of Communism, also felt that capitalism was a social ill because it degraded the working class to a commodity for the rich whom they would serve. Marx blames private ownership and the ability to get wealth for many of the problems of society. Therefore, he prescribed a system where there would be no private ownership. Still, his views are not accurate to the working class who, without the ability to own privately, ends up working endlessly for naught. At least those who are working class and living in a capitalist society have the ability to hope for greatness and wealth. It is this hope that excites and brightens the eyes. They work all the harder, not only in their positions, but to improve